In April 1992, the Red Army Faction (RAF) took the step of unilaterally
calling off its campaign of assassinations of key members of the political
and economic apparatus as a first step towards a negotiated settlement with
the state, a settlement which they insisted must include the release of prisoners,
particularly those, such as Bernd Roessner and Ali Jansen, who were in poor
health and those who were amongst the longest held, such as Irmgard Moeller,
who after 21 years had spent close to half of her life in prison, as well
as an agreement which would allow those who were underground to surface.
The reactions both amongst the prisoners and within the broader anti-imperialist
and autonomist movement was predictable. All hell broke loose. To some, if
not most, the decision was treason. The decision was portrayed as a betrayal
of 23 years of history. And in the spirit of the German left, a hot and heavy
debate, much of which was immortalized on paper, has followed. Since we,
Arm The Spirit, have translated a number of different documents concerning
the RAF and the situation of political prisoners in Germany, we feel that
some background is in order to help our readers understand the parameters
of this debate. What follows, as such, is a brief examination of the history
of the RAF.
The RAF was not the first expression of armed action on the part of the
New Left in West Germany in the 60s and 70s. It was, however, the first organization
to give armed struggle a consistent and structured form within the context
of the international anti-imperialist movement of the day. The RAF, as such,
can be said to have been formed on May 14, 1970, when Ulrike Meinhof led an
armed unit in freeing Andreas Baader, then serving a prison sentence in connection
with 2 firebombings carried out in April 1968. In it's first Manifesto, The
Concept Of The Urban Guerilla[1], a
document steeped in the Marxism-Leninism of the day, the RAF stated, "We affirm
that the organization of armed resistance groups in West Germany and West
Berlin is correct, possible, and justified. We further state that it is correct,
possible, and justified to conduct urban guerilla war now. (...) It can and
must be started now, and without it there will never be an anti-imperialist
struggle in the metropoles." Further on they added, "The concept of the urban
guerilla comes from Latin America. It can only be here, as it is there, the
method of revolutionary intervention of generally weak revolutionary forces."
The RAF closed this document by placing itself within the international context.
"To carry out urban guerilla warfare means to lead the anti-imperialist struggle
offensively. The Red Army Faction creates the connection between legal and
illegal struggle, between national struggle and international struggle, between
political struggle and armed struggle, between the strategical and tactical
position of the international communist movement."
In May 1972, the RAF carried out a series of bombings. The first, on May
11, against the U.S. 5th Army Corps stationed in Germany, was in solidarity
with the Vietnamese liberation struggle [2].
The following day they detonated 3 bombs at the Augsburg police headquarters
in retaliation for the police killing of RAF member Thomas Weisbecker [3]. On May 15, the RAF deployed a car-bomb
against Karlsruhe federal court judge Buddenberg in retaliation for the mistreatment
of arrested RAF members [4]. May 19 saw
the bombing of the Springer building in Hamburg in response to the ongoing
campaign of anti-left propaganda conducted by the Springer Press [5]. Finally, on May 24, the Heidelberg headquarters
of American Armed Forces in Europe was bombed in response to the U.S. mine
blockade and carpet-bombing of Vietnam [6].
Although people were injured or killed in most of these bombings, with the
exception of the Buddenberg bombing, they differ from later RAF attacks in
not being directed against specific individuals, a point that should be kept
in mind when examining the RAF's history.
Between June 1 and June 15, 1972, virtually all leading members of the RAF
were arrested, bringing to an end what might be seen as the first phase of
the RAF's struggle. Although two other guerilla groups, the 2nd of June Movement
(which would dissolve and partially integrate into the RAF in June 1980) and
the Revolutionary Cells (currently engaged in its own debate about the future
of armed struggle in Germany), continued to carry out armed attacks, the
RAF was not to carry out another military action until April 1975.
However, the RAF was far from inactive. Both in prison and within the context
of the trials, RAF members worked to clarify their perspective and strategy
for armed struggle. Some of this is clarified in Ulrike Meinhof's September
13, 1974 statement [7] regarding the liberation
of Andreas Baader. She states, "The struggle against imperialism (...) has
as its goal to annihilate, to destroy, to smash the system of imperialist
domination, on the political, economic, and military planes; to smash the
cultural institutions by which imperialism gives a homogeneity to the dominant
elites; and to smash the communications systems which assure them their ideological
ascendancy." She adds, "Faced with the transnational organization of capital,
the military alliances with which U.S. imperialism encompasses the world,
the cooperation of the police and secret services, the international organization
of the dominant elite within the sphere of power of U.S. imperialism, the
response from our side, the side of the proletariat, is the struggle of the
revolutionary classes, the liberation movements of the Third World, and the
urban guerilla in the metropoles of imperialism. That is proletarian internationalism."
It is in a paper called Conduct The Anti-Imperialist Struggle! that the
RAF most clearly outlines how it understands this anti-imperialism and internationalism.
"If the peoples of the Third World are the vanguard of the anti-imperialist
revolution, meaning that this revolution is objectively the greatest hope
of the people in the metropoles for their own liberation, then it is our task
to present the connection between the liberation struggle of the peoples of
the Third World and the longing for liberation wherever it emerges in the
metropoles..." As to the practical implications of these observations, in
an interview with Le Monde Diplomatique, RAF members stated, "If it
was and is possible for the RAF to develop an idea of the Federal Republic's
role in West Europe, from which resistance develops nationally and internationally
(...) then that means the RAF will reach its tactical aim, that is the dialectic
of anti-imperialist action and reaction, from which the armed resistance of
small social revolutionary groups becomes a strategic possibility for proletarian
internationalism." [8]
When the RAF did act in an armed capacity again on April 24, 1975, it was
to seize the German embassy in Stockholm, Sweden [9]. The commando had one simple purpose, to secure the release
of 26 political prisoners, most, but not all, members of the RAF, in exchange
for the military and economic attaches being held hostage. This action was
doubtless modeled on the kidnapping carried out by the 2nd of June Movement
in February and March of the same year. Peter Lorenz had been kidnapped and
successfully exchanged for 6 imprisoned members of the 2nd of June Movement.
In this case, however, rather than negotiate an exchange, the police stormed
the building, killing two members of the commando and injuring five others.
It is worth noting in passing that the commando was made up entirely of former
members of the SPK (Socialist Patients Collective), a group of former psychiatric
patients involved in a radical anti-psychiatry project in Heidelberg who had
come under extreme police pressure for corresponding with imprisoned RAF
members.
On September 5, 1976, Ulrike Meinhof was murdered in her prison cell. The
remaining months of 1976 saw the arrest of all of the key lawyers representing
RAF prisoners as well as many other supporters. In virtually all cases these
people were charged with support for a terrorist organization under paragraph
129a of the West German criminal code. 1976 also saw 2,956 demonstrations,
the greatest number in one year in German history. Against this backdrop,
the RAF began a campaign that was to culminate in the most significant political
event in post-war Germany, the so-called "German Autumn". On April 7, 1977,
the RAF executed Chief Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback [10], holding him responsible for the deaths of Holger Meins
(a leading RAF member who died during a hungerstrike to end isolation in 1974)
and Siegfried Hausner (who died due to lack of medical treatment while in
prison following the police attack on the German embassy in Stockholm).
This attack marked a shift to a strategy that would be marked by an overwhelming
focus on assassinations of key members of the state apparatus and the business
elite. Although this might not have been recognized at the time, it was a
shift to an entirely new phase in the RAF's practice. On July 30, the RAF
struck again, this time executing Jurgen Ponto [11]. Ponto, who served on the boards of 30 banks and companies
in Germany and was the president of Germany's second largest bank, the Dresdner
Bank, was seen as one of the five most important German businessmen at that
time, playing a key role representing Germany both at NATO and elsewhere in
the international arena. It is possible that the RAF intended to kidnap Ponto
in the hope of releasing him in exchange for prisoners. On September 3, the
Federal Prosecutor's Office was bombed as part of a pressure campaign to
have political prisoners, who were being held in isolation, placed together
in groups of fifteen [12].
On September 5, 1977, the RAF undertook what was certainly its largest action,
kidnapping Hans Martin Schleyer [13],
who, as the president of the Federal Association of German Industries and
the president of the Federal Employers Association, was probably Germany's
most important and influential capitalist. They demanded the release of eleven
leading RAF prisoners in exchange for Schleyer. This kidnapping elicited a
state of emergency and widespread draconian police activity. A stalemate punctuated
by police actions against perceived RAF supporters continued until October
13 when a Palestinian commando calling itself "Commando Martyr Halimeh" of
the Struggle Against World Imperialism Organization (SAWIO) hijacked a Lufthansa
airliner en route from Palma de Majorca to Frankfurt, Germany. They demanded
the release of the eleven aforementioned RAF prisoners, as well as two members
of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) being held in
Istanbul. The RAF also issued a communiqué supporting this action
and reiterating the demands.
Following 5 days of tense negotiations, negotiations which saw Secretary
of State Hans-Jurgen Wischnewski visit Algeria, Libya, Yemen, and Iraq seeking
a country willing to accept the prisoners, and during which the prisoners
were put in complete isolation and even denied access to their lawyers and
any form of media ('Kontaktsperre'), the hijacked jetliner was stormed in
Mogadishu, Somalia by Germany's crack anti-terrorist unit the GSG-9. Three
of the four hijackers were killed and the fourth was severely injured. On
the same night Gudrun Ensslin, Jan-Carl Raspe, and Andreas Baader died in
prison. Although the state claimed the deaths were the result of a suicide
pact, evidence, including medical evidence, contradicts the suicide thesis
at virtually every point. Only Irmgard Moeller, who was stabbed, survived
this attack.
In retaliation for the killings of the Commando Martyr Halimeh and the prisoners,
the RAF executed Schleyer, leaving his body in the trunk of a car in the French
border town of Mullhausen.
On November 12, Ingrid Schubert, one of the 11 prisoners whose release had
been demanded in exchange for Schleyer was found hanging in her cell.
With Meins, Meinhof, Ensslin, Raspe, Baader, and Schubert dead, virtually
the entire leadership of the RAF had been eradicated.
The RAF was not heard from again until June 25, 1979, when they attempted
to assassinate the Commander-in-Chief of NATO, U.S. General Alexander Haig
[14]. This failed assassination attempt
was followed by another lengthy silence, broken on August 31, 1981 with a
bomb attack on the headquarters of the U.S. Air Force in Europe in Ramstein
[15], followed 2 weeks later by a failed
attempt to assassinate Frederick Kroesen, Commanding General of the U.S. Army
and of the NATO Middle East Section [16].
These actions, although unsuccessful from a material point-of-view, established
that the RAF was not entirely defeated and allowed them the opportunity to
put forward their analysis of the political situation faced by the German
and the West European left in the 80s. The Haig communiqué contained
the first hint of a significant change in perception that would subsequently
harden into a strategic shift. In clarifying their perception of the international
balance of power in the post-Vietnam era, it stated:
"The people of the world are confronted with a new American offensive,
which, at the same time, marks a qualitative leap forward in the development
of the relative strength between the forces of revolution and the forces of
counter-revolution; or, as we have already said, the worldwide revolutionary
process is the encirclement of the metropole by the people of the hinterland.
"With the victorious liberation of Southeast Asia and Africa, the front
is moving nearer the centre, it is coming closer to the metropoles and makes
the tactical and strategic retreat of U.S. imperialism inevitable. In other
words, the so-called 'displacement of the strategic crucial points' is towards
West Europe."[17]
In the Ramstein communiqué they further developed this theme:
"The imperialist war of destruction is now returning from the Third World
to Europe, from whence it began. The people of Europe, of the FRG, are realizing
that this development will mean their destruction if it cannot be stopped.
They are now getting a direct, physically close concept of what has been reality
for people in Asia, Africa, and Latin America for hundreds of years: imperialism,
when you yourself are in the position of the oppressed."[18]
And again and more clearly in the Kroesen communiqué:
"West Europe is no longer the hinterland from where imperialism is waging
the war. Now, with the victories of the wars of liberation in the Third World,
with the development of the guerilla in West Europe, now that the whole of
imperialism is suffering crises, West Europe has become part of the worldwide
front line. It is the part where they possess everything. But it is also the
part that has become vital for the process of liberation for the entire worldwide
front line."[19]
In May 1982, the RAF released a strategy paper entitled The Guerrilla,
The Resistance, And The Anti-Imperialist Front [20]. This paper, which came to be known simply as "The May
Paper", marked a major re-evaluation and reorientation of RAF strategy, both
analytically and practically. Building on statements made in the communiqués
accompanying the post-77 actions, they stated that "it is now possible and
necessary to develop a new phase in the revolutionary strategy in the metropoles."
The basis for this new strategy was to be "The Guerrilla And The Resistance...A
Single Front." For the RAF, the period up until '77 was distinguished by "that
which built the armed struggle or prepared its path." What was important,
however, from their point of view by '82 was "to regroup the guerilla movement
and the militant political struggles into an integrated whole from the perspective
of a strategy of development in the metropole." For the RAF this front was
more than a possibility, it was a necessity. "The anti-imperialist front is
urgently needed and even though it is underdeveloped, it could be strong in
West Europe, creating enormous possibilities on the level of the international
war of liberation."
As had been suggested in the communiqués from '79 and '81, the RAF
saw a special significance for resistance in Western Europe. "On the level
of the entire imperialist system, their global project of restructuring can
only function if the plan of development in the interior of the imperialist
centres unfolds in a relatively easy fashion without serious or profound friction.
This project could not withstand the rupture caused by an anti-imperialist
struggle here..." And finally, in this vein, they state, "The Revolution In
West Europe Has Become The Cornerstone Of The Worldwide Confrontation." And
vis-à-vis West Germany in particular, "The offensive within and from
West Europe, supporting itself on the central state, i.e., West Germany, is
essential for imperialist strategy to assure itself in a new round both its
domination as a functioning system on the world scale and the reproduction
of capital. From our side, in the face of this offensive, the frontal development
in the metropole is asserted as simply and vitally necessary, as a necessary
condition to break the present tendency of the global process of liberation
from stagnating in the East-West opposition and, for the countries where there
has been national liberation, from the fact of their obligations for the
development of their state." Quite plainly this line of reasoning pointed
to a substantial shift in the RAF's perception of its role. Up until
'77, there is no indication that they saw themselves a anything more than
the armed expression of an anti-imperialist movement lending rearguard support
from within the metropole to national liberation struggles in the Third World.
"The May Paper" indicated that they now saw their role as key to international
liberation. Such a shift was no small issue and it didn't sit well with many
of those who had supported the RAF's earlier anti-imperialist strategy.
"The May Paper" was destined to be the hotly debated, with various segments
of the anti-imperialist movement and the far-left in general taking pro and
con positions. Some felt that the RAF was using its front strategy to gain
hegemony over the growing, but largely unstructured, new young left of the
early 80s. Others felt that the front strategy would leave segments of the
legal movement open to prosecution under the paragraph 129a of the criminal
code, a paragraph which was open to a broad interpretation in criminalizing
activities deemed to constitute "support for a terrorist organization". Still
others sensed a betrayal of fundamental principles of anti-imperialist theory
and practice. This latter is perhaps the most important criticism. In July
1984, Antiimperialistischer Kampf (Anti-Imperialist Struggle) issued its critique,
perhaps the most systematic and thorough, which juxtaposed the early RAF
position with that of "The May Paper". In reference to the first generation
of the RAF, they stated, "They consciously placed the anti-imperialist struggle
in the West German metropole under the hegemony of the national liberation
struggles of the peoples and nations of the Third World whom imperialism oppressed."
In this regard, they stated, "The RAF's 1982 May Paper (...) indicates a
complete revision of the line that formed the basis of the RAF's struggle
in the 70s..." This rift continued to divide the anti-imperialist movement
until the end of the 80s and to some degree it marked the beginning of the
process that led to the cease-fire of April 1992.
The RAF carried out their first action after the release of "The May Paper"
on December 18, 1984. A commando placed a car bomb at the SHAPE School for
NATO officers in Oberammergau [21]. The
bomb was discovered and defused.
Several days after, RAF prisoners began a hungerstrike for the end of isolation
and free association in large groups [22].
This hungerstrike allowed for the first concrete expression of the front strategy
in practice. For the remainder of December and throughout the month of January
1985, RAF supporters carried out hundreds of small and medium level bombings
in support of the prisoners' demands. These actions culminated in the RAF
assassination of arms industrialist Ernst Zimmerman [23]. The prisoners subsequently called off their hungerstrike
the same day [24]. This campaign, impressive
as it was, was to prove to be the glory days of the West German anti-imperialist
front.
In January 1985, the RAF and the French guerilla group Action Directe (AD)
issued a common statement calling for the construction of a West European
anti-imperialist front [25]. This paper
set the stage for an action that would ultimately prove to be the RAF's most
controversial and divisive. On August 8, 1985, the RAF and Action Directe
claimed responsibility for the bombing of the U.S. Air Base in Frankfurt [26]. The action, which succeeded only in
killing two passers-by, would probably only have been seen as significant
in anti-imperialist circles because it was the first (and ultimately only)
common action of the RAF and Action Directe were it not for the fact that
the RAF kidnapped and executed GI Edward Pimental so as to use his ID card
to gain access to the Air Base. Even to many of the RAF's supporters this
killing seemed unnecessary. Some commented on the irony that while the RAF
prisoners were demanding to be treated as prisoners-of-war, the RAF had executed
a prisoner to acquire an ID card which they could have acquired without killing
him. Criticisms within the anti-imperialist movement and amongst even the
RAF's closest supporters were so intense that the RAF took the extraordinary
step of answering criticisms in a September 1985 interview carried out by
supporters:
Q: You know that there has been and still is a very controversial discussion
about the Air Base action and the shooting of GI Pimental. Most important,
you gave the cops a chance to construct their propaganda against the action.
A: It was certainly a mistake not to send the second communique and the
ID card together. We presumed that those who understood the action would
make the connection.
(...)
Q. But there is still a difference between the two deaths on the Air Base
and the GI. The determination of the action as you have outlined it doesn't
explain the case of the GI. Isn't this a contradiction?
A: No. Basically the relationship between us and them is war. We needed
his card, otherwise we could not have accomplished the attack. Of course,
we wouldn't say we should now shoot every GI who comes around the corner or
that other comrades should do so. One can clarify this only by considering
the actual situation, the political-practical determination of the attack,
i.e., it is a tactical question.[27]
These responses failed to satisfy many of the critics and the RAF was forced
to issue a "self-criticism" of sorts in January of 1986 [28]. This paper, entitled To Those Who Struggle With
Us, which was largely a reiteration of the RAF's front strategy, dealt
with the Pimental killing at several points. The opening paragraph read:
"Today, we say that the shooting of the GI in the concrete situation
in the summer was a mistake which blocked the effect of the attack against
the Air Base and the debate about the political-military purpose of the action,
as was the case with the offensive overall. [29] It is clear that shooting the GI was a degree of
escalation which, in itself, had a strategic quality, because it means sharpening
the war against U.S. imperialism, in the sense that, for all of us, all things
connected to the U.S. forces are everywhere and at all times targets for military
attacks. To justify this step as a 'practical necessity' is politically impossible,
because it can only develop from a strategic quality. However, this does
not correspond to the subjective development of the resistance and the objective
situation which exists here today."
Later on, the same text states:
"Naturally, we have, as a result of our mistake, that is not making it
politically clearer how we understood the attack and our silence about the
GI, which prevented people from knowing if it was a counter-action, made the
discussion very difficult and triggered debates that were not, in themselves,
relevant."
Although this statement purported to be a self-criticism of errors, it was
perceived by many people in the anti-imperialist movement and in the left
at large as a critique of the movement. The RAF presented any errors on their
part as merely technical oversights. The real problem apparently was a lack
of maturation and clarity on the part of the West German left, a lack of maturity
and clarity which led them to engage in "debates that were not, in themselves,
relevant." If this statement was meant to defuse the growing critique, it
backfired seriously, offending the sensibilities of many critics who felt
that there were real political and human issues which needed to be discussed.
In many cases divisions within the anti-imperialist movement hardened as
a result of this statement. Such divisions left the anti-imperialist movement
in a weak position and open to attack, and such an attack was not far off.
On July 9, 1986, the RAF assassinated Karl Heinz Beckurts [30], the president of Siemens and a key figure in SDI (Star
Wars) production. Less than a month later, on August 2, 1986, RAF member Eva
Haule and supporters Luiti Hornstein and Chris Kluth, both residents of the
Kiefernstrasse squats in Dusseldorf, were arrested in a Russelheim cafe.
Less than two weeks later, on August 13, two more supporters, Barbel Perau
and Norbert Hofmeier, were arrested in Duisburg. The following day there
was a third arrest in Duisburg. These were the first of a series of arrests
aimed at criminalizing supporters of the RAF who were functioning in the
legal left within the context of the front strategy outlined by the RAF in
1982 in "The May Paper". The state attack that many people had anticipated
with the advent of the front strategy was, in fact, beginning.
On October, 10, 1986, the RAF assassinated Gerold von Braunmuhl [31], the political director of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and a key figure in the development of Europe's imperialist
strategy, particularly in relation to the Middle East. The police responded
with a raid of the Kiefernstrasse squats on October 29.
On December 18, the Kiefernstrasse squats were again targeted with the arrest
of residents Andrea Sievering and Rico Prauss. The attack against Kiefernstrasse
continued with the arrests of Thomas Klipper on September 8, 1988 and Rolf
Hartung on October 4.
On September 20, 1988, the RAF failed in their attempt to assassinate Hans
Tietmeyer [32], a German representative
to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
On February 1, 1989, RAF prisoners began a hungerstrike to end isolation
conditions and to gain recognition as political prisoners with the right to
associate with each other and with people outside the prisons [33]. The demand for humane treatment garnered
wide support on the left and amongst liberals. Although the prisoners called
off their strike without achieving their goals, it was widely perceived that
they had reached layers of the population that had never before stood with
the prisoners in their demand for humane treatment. But a letter written by
Karl-Heinz Dellwo in May 1989 gave the first indication of what was to come:
"By ending the hungerstrike we will be maintaining the political level on
which the struggle for association can and will continue, after the confrontation
was blocked politically and practically.
"It would, at this point, only have been a qualitative development. We have
long been the antagonistic core, and our comrades on the outside no longer
need us as the motor for them on their terrain. They themselves are it.
"This is a new political quality and we must all struggle to give it content
and depth. For our part, we want discussion with everyone. In order for this
to occur, we must find a common political denominator. It can't be any other
way.
"It is possible to find such a common denominator today because the concept
of a fundamental reversal doesn't only emanate from the revolutionary core
within society, but from everyone. The concept, however strong or weak, is
there, is already ripe. It results from the experience that there isn't a
productive solution for anything in this system."
This letter indicated two developments within the RAF, developments which
set the stage for the April 1992 cease-fire and the subsequent internal struggle.
For the first time a key political prisoner was suggesting that the prisoners
were not at the ideological core of the RAF, a role that the prisoners had
always de facto played since the first arrests in 1972. As well, Dellwo was
suggesting that the conditions existed for a multi-party discussion with everyone.
Later in the same letter, he would suggest, in relation to ending the hungerstrike,
that such a discussion might even require a tempering of RAF actions. "Because
everyone must also be a subject in their own process of awareness, we did
not want to escalate the struggle to a level which many people would have
experienced as going beyond them and which would have, as such, reproduced
the same old divisions in a new way."
Between Dellwo's May 1989 letter and the cease-fire communiqué of
April 1992, the RAF carried out two more actions. On November 11, 1989, they
assassinated Alfred Herrhausen [34], president
of the Deutsche Bank and Germany's most influential capitalist. And on April
4, 1991, they assassinated Detlev Korsten Rohwedder [35], president of the Treuhandanstalt, the body responsible
for integrating the East German economy into that of West Germany.
In keeping with assurances offered in their April 1992 communiqué,
the RAF has not carried out an armed attack aimed at any representative of
the German state apparatus or German capital. Their one action, the March
1993 bombing of the new high-tech prison in Weiterstadt [36], was meant to prevent this prison from coming on line.
Although this action was perceived favorably throughout the world, it was
not immune to criticism within the ranks of the German anti-imperialist movement.
In October 1993, RAF political prisoner Eve Haule wrote, "We have seen where
this process of political self-dissolution has led. The story of the 'Verfassungsschutz'
infiltrator and the subsequent events was only the end-point [37]. And armed actions like Weiterstadt
further cement this process. Their only function is to signal populism and
retaliation - because the state hasn't changed its policy towards the prisoners."
It is a virtual certainty that the struggle currently being waged both within
the RAF itself and in the broader anti-imperialist and autonomist left will
spell the end to the RAF. It is equally clear and has been argued that errors
made by the RAF since 1982 and particularly since 1986 contribute in no small
way to the current crisis. Some people have even argued that the current crisis
stems from the errors made in 1977. It is beyond a doubt that a consistent
argument can be raised to support any and all of these positions. However,
the decline of the RAF must also be placed in the larger picture. The RAF
has certainly been adversely effected by its errors, but it has also been
effected the overall decline in armed struggle in Europe. The 80s saw the
definitive defeat of Action Directe in France, the Red Brigades in Italy,
the Fighting Communist Cells (CCC) in Belgium, and GRAPO in Spain. The IRA
and the Basque ETA have also faced crises that throw their continuity into
question. Within Germany itself the Revolutionary Cells (RZ) is undergoing
its own process of re-evaluation and at least part of its structure has publicly
broken with armed struggle. Although little is known about the internal debate
within Rote Zora, the organization itself has been effectively inactive
for some years.
It is equally important to consider the impact of recent developments in
global geopolitics on the West German left. While the fall of the Berlin Wall
and the disappearance of the Eastern Bloc has had a profound influence on
politics throughout the world, nowhere in the First World has the impact been
greater than in Germany. Overnight the German left found itself faced with
an entirely new constellation of social and political issues. The former GDR
was suddenly to be integrated into West Germany and with it came an influx
of former East Germans into the west sector in search of employment as uncompetitive
industries in the east closed down. As the former Eastern Bloc dissolved entirely,
the influx of economic refugees swelled, putting further pressure on Germany's
declining economy. These East European refugees joined Third World asylum
seekers and southern Europeans to exert enormous pressure on Germany's employment
and housing markets. The extreme right moved quickly to capitalize on growing
social discontent, forging an neo-nazi movement that has gained international
attention for its extreme violence. On an official level the state moved
to stem the flow of refugees by drafting draconian laws meant to severely
limit the number of people who would be eligible for asylum.
The impact of these changes has been seen on guerrilla groups throughout
the world. Latin American guerrilla groups such as the Tupamaros in Uruguay
and the FMLN in El Salvador have given up armed struggle to enter the electoral
arena. The ANC and the PLO find themselves forced to negotiate settlements
within the context of international capitalism. Even Sinn Fein, the effective
legal arm of the IRA, is showing an increasing desire to achieve a settlement
at the negotiating table. Talk of socialism, when it arises at all, is more
form than substance. While Third World national liberation struggles are in
retreat, sectarian warfare is wracking both the former Eastern Bloc and parts
of Africa.
In this context the RAF cannot posit itself as a rearguard of national liberation
struggles as it did in the early and mid-70s. Nor, however, can it realistically
call for an anti-imperialist front in Germany or a West European guerrilla
front as it did in the 80s. While Dellwo may talk about a widespread sentiment
within society in favor of "a fundamental reversal" which favors a new open
dialogue as the basis for a renewed left, this is rhetoric at best and delusion
at worst. However, any call to stay the course is no less deluded. In fact,
the crisis facing the RAF, which is not realistically addressed by either
position which has arisen from within its own ranks, is the same crisis which
is the left faces everywhere in the world. How are we to respond to western
imperialism in a situation where transnational capitalism has effectively
deprived national struggles of much of their revolutionary potential? How
do we rebuild an egalitarian option to global capitalism given the virtual
blanket defeat of the socialist option? How do we respond to the permanent
marginalization of growing numbers of people resulting from the growth of
technology as the central force in production? The pertinency of the current
debate within the RAF and the anti-imperialist and autonomist left lies in
its ability to address these and other questions.
Footnotes
N.B. Footnotes #29 and #37 appeared in
the original document, all other footnotes in this document were added
by the editor.
[37] This is a reference to the June 1993 ambush and murder
of RAF member Wolfgang Grams. RAF member Birgit Hogefeld was arrested during
this action. [return to text]
